The bust of Paweł Jan Działyński, wearing a breastplate and cloak with fur collar held together with an elongated clasp set with cabochons and hair shaved high up on temples, was part of the Royal Castle in Warsaw’s historic collections. Alongside the sculptures of Chronos and Fame, as well as a series of bronze busts of famous Polish personages and the painted decoration, it constitutes the iconographic scheme for the Knights’ Hall which was furnished in the years 1781–6 and was intended to commemorate distinguished individuals as well as glorious events in Polish history. The sculpture is one of 18 smaller busts that were placed in the Knights’ Hall. The date of death placed underneath the sculpture unambiguously identifies the person portrayed as being Paweł Działyński, Voivode of Pomerania. It does not rule out, however, that it may have originally been intended to commemorate Paweł Działyński, starosta of Radziejów, Bobrowniki and Radzyn, secretary to Zygmunt III Vasa, envoy to England and the Netherlands, who died in c. 1610; however a family error, when asked to supply a likeness, led to the activities of both personages being muddled. Inscribed Dzialiński on front, under the bust. Inscribed PAUL: DZIAŁYNSKI / + MDCXLII. in gold letters on front of base. Paweł Jan Działyński of the Ogończyk coat of arms (c. 1588–1643). Son of Mikołaj, Voivode of Chełmno and Katarzyna née Dulska. Voivode of Pomeraia from 1630, Treasurer of the Prussian lands. Giacomo (Jakub, Jacobus) Monaldi (Rome 1730–1798 Warsaw) Sculptor from Rome, son of Carlo Monaldi, also a sculptor. He attended the Accademia di San Luca. From 1768 he worked at the court of Stanisław August in Warsaw. He made many statues, bas reliefs and busts for the interiors of the Royal Castle, Ujazdów Castle and Royal Łazienki, some in collaboration with André Le Brun.